Human spaceflight involves several risks that significantly impact the future of space programs. Space radiation, weightlessness, loss of muscle mass, hearing impairment, etc. have significant negative effects on the human body in space environment. Additional questions are associated with inevitable evolution of human-machine interaction in those areas where the presence of a researcher is hardly possible yet. Thus, advancements in biology, medicine, and psychology significantly contribute to the success of space projects by addressing the human adaptation to spaceflight both in physiological and spiritual terms. The potential of space biology, space medicine, and space psychology as “human sciences” shapes the future of scientific research and practical solutions for the exploration of near and far space based on extensive data both on physiological and psychological capabilities of humans, and their spiritual resources, which together determine the ability to adapt to a new physical and cultural reality.