Medical Ethics

ISSN Print 2713-0894 ISSN Online 2713-0908

BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL OF ERMC EASTERN EUROPEAN

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Kovaleva TV, Pariyskaya EN, Kovaleva-Kircicek VA

The purpose of this article is to determine the objectivity of culture from the perspective of the neuroscience`s research interests of and to identify neuroethical problems that arise in the process of using neurotechnologies and applying research results. The following aspects were set: to provide a clear understanding of the reasons behind neuroscience’s growing interest in culture; to identify new scientific and neurobiological directions studying the relationship between a culture and humans; to substantiate the importance of the emergence of cultural neuroscience, to identify some ethical categories revealed through analysis of research results; to highlight ethical problems that arise or may arise near future during the application of neurotechnologies and the use of research results in this field. The main conclusion of this article is that the development and application of neurotechnologies will be the main priority for many countries, especially taking into account the interest in understanding the cultural characteristics of all people living in the same territories. On the one hand, the knowledge can help to prevent cross-cultural conflicts and improve the effectiveness of management systems in the social sphere. On the other hand, it may lead to bioethical problems due to possible manipulations in various fields as business and politics.

Received: 2024-07-14

Published online: 2024-09-25

DOI: 10.24075/medet.2024.021

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VIEWS 166

Toichuev RM, Abylaeva BA, Zhilova LV, Toichueva AU

This article examines the Kyrgyz tradition of bioethics and the conditions of its use in higher educational institutions of Kyrgyzstan. The article analyzes formation of bioethics as a science closely related to medicine, veterinary medicine and biology, which studies the relationship between men, animals and other creatures. The bioethical aspects of conducting an experimental and preclinical testing of medicinal herbs and other products that have been used in folk medicine for centuries, as well as their application in practical medicine, are presented. The bioethical aspects of brain transplantation, artificial intelligence (AI) and the use of AI robotics to perform medical manipulations, surgical interventions, as well as tactical mistakes made by them (robots) when performing diagnostic manipulations, operations and when new infections and diseases occur, are considered. The issues of obtaining permits to prepare vaccines and drugs and the issues of studying the “non-natural” human nature are highlighted. In this regard, bioethical science will face many complex tasks that require solutions in the future. The laws of the Kyrgyz Republic related to bioethics and teaching of this discipline in universities of the Kyrgyz Republic, adopted in the period from 1992 to the present (August 2024), are presented.

Received: 2024-07-24

Published online: 2024-09-24

DOI: 10.24075/medet.2024.020

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VIEWS 174

The article is devoted to the issues of clinical research: their ethical and legal regulation at the present time, the history of ethical expertise in the Russian Federation and at Kazan State Medical University. The role of ethical committees as a structure responsible for quality of scientific research and a guarantor of compliance with the principles of ethics, protection of the rights, safety and well-being of research participants is considered. The article presents the working experience of the local ethics committee of Kazan State Medical University on ethical examination of research projects with human participation and analysis of the most common mistakes in preparation of research documentation made by young scientists of clinical departments. The digital information showing typical errors and inaccuracies in the formation of a package of documents for ethical examination, based on the analysis of 284 initiative papers of PhD candidates from clinical departments: every fifth protocol required revision in accordance with the ethical and legal framework adopted in the Russian Federation, in 1.5% of cases the documentation was submitted for already conducted studies (i.e. ost factum), when no changes to its design are possible anymore. Typical mistakes were the following: inability to form research and control groups, calculate a representative number of participants, write an information sheet for a participant in a clinical trial and a sheet of informed consent, going beyond the specialty, desire to prescribe drugs beyond the scope of registered indications, etc. The ways of increasing both the awareness of young researchers and quality of ethical expertise by specialists of the ethics committee are proposed.

Received: 2024-08-27

Published online: 2024-09-19

DOI: 10.24075/medet.2024.019

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VIEWS 159

Khokholov AL, Zarubina TV, Kotlovsky MYu, Pavlov AV, Potapov MP, Soldatova ON, Gabidullina LF, Tsybikova EB

Currently, systems based on artificial intelligence (AI) are finding increasing application in medicine. Acting as assistants of both the attending physician and managing physician, they can be a good help in solving a number of problems in modern healthcare, such as staff shortage, professional burnout and, in some cases, insufficient staff qualification. However, this leads to increased requirements for reliability of such systems. Introduction of a new advanced technology raises a number of ethical issues and problems, the solution of which is necessary to gain trust of people and reduce distrust associated with the use of AI technologies. It seems that if ethical standards determine and set the progressive development of artificial intelligence, this will lead to the maximum benefit from the use of this technology in healthcare. The paper examines the ethical aspects of transition of software into the category of medical devices. At the same time, legal and organizational mechanisms for solving ethical problems at both the international and domestic levels are provided. The activities of both public and government organizations in this field are considered. The need to obtain the permission of ethical committees for conducting clinical trials and ensuring informed consent of patients is emphasized. It also highlights the importance of integrating medical data into structured datasets that can be registered as databases. This will contribute to improved quality of medical research and practice.

Received: 2024-07-31

Published online: 2024-09-18

DOI: 10.24075/medet.2024.018

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VIEWS 182

Usupova Ch, Satybaldieva R

Today, the problems of moral education of future doctors are the most acute not only in the Kyrgyz Republic. The consciousness of the youth of the XXI century is sometimes formed in a non-linear way under the influence of pragmatism and utilitarianism. The organization of ethical and moral perception of the world and self-organization in the best positions of humanism is a problem not only of a theoretical but also of a practical nature. Methodological ideas and principles proposed by various researchers in the field of social sciences and humanities are mainly aimed at overcoming both all-encompassing relativism and fundamentalism. However, the way it should be implemented while teaching bioethics is a methodological problem, in particular in the Kyrgyz Republic. The purpose of our work is to consider various approaches in the context of development of our national paradigm of education in medical universities. Modern Kyrgyzstan needs efficient teaching methods, since only they can effectively form the main pillars of moral consciousness of students, which are necessary for implementing medical activities. The educational cornerstone is development of interactive discourse, not only as a comprehensive communication, but also as analysis of all the interacting factors of this process (determining the context, directly affecting the participants and their understanding of the world). The research uses methods of hermeneutics and comparative analysis. Pedagogical approaches and methods of use while teaching bioethics at universities are taken into consideration. Teachers of bioethics in medical institutions of Kyrgyzstan need to develop effective approaches and methods of teaching young people, such as interactive discourse and a dialectical method.

Received: 2024-06-23

Published online: 2024-09-09

DOI: 10.24075/medet.2024.017

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Sobolnikova EN, Dorodeva NV

The relevance of this research consists in reconsideration of the main approaches to solving bioethical problems based on the religious and ethical principles of Buddhism. The purpose of this research is to analyze Buddhist principles that can be consistently applied to a range of biomedical problems (euthanasia, biomedical experiments with animals, etc.). The subject of our research is ethics in the context of medicine, namely the relationship between Buddhism and medical practice. The research materials are based on many years of teaching the bioethics course at St. Petersburg State University of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Tyumen State Medical University, as well as on the results of research related to the development of scientific research of bioethical issues. The central question of modern bioethics about the nature and status of the moral subject in Buddhism is based on the principle of the moral dignity of all living beings: from human life to the life of animals and, perhaps, even plants. Belief in interspecific rebirth and respect for animal life are typical of Buddhist ethics. In modern ethics, Buddhism is a teleological ethics of virtue, which postulates a certain end result of life as the implementation of human potential and asserts that this goal should be realized through cultivation of certain spiritual practices, which implies the rejection of euthanasia, abortion, artificial insemination and other dvanced medical technologies.

Received: 2024-07-24

Published online: 2024-09-02

DOI: 10.24075/medet.2024.016

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VIEWS 164

Wiegel NL, Mettini E

The use of AI in medical practice offers a number of significant and visible advantages. The problem of the presented research is relevant due to the growing integration of technologies into healthcare. The purpose of this study is to analyze the ethical and cultural challenges associated with integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical practice in various cultural contexts. The main objective of the study is to identify specific problems and suggest possible solutions to ensure effective and justifiable use of AI. To achieve this goal, a literary review, a case study, an expert interview, and a questionnaire were used. The main areas of ethical and cultural challenges include the issues of confidentiality and data protection; culturally specific attitudes towards automation of medical decision-making; the impact of algorithm bias on the diagnosis and treatment of various ethnic groups; ethical dilemmas related to access and fairness in the use of medical AI systems. The study highlights the need to develop ethical standards for the use of AI in medicine that will take into account cultural differences.

Received: 2024-06-05

Published online: 2024-08-28

DOI: 10.24075/medet.2024.015

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VIEWS 202

Due to the aging of the population and growing proportion of the elderly, medicine requires a more active and purposeful approach not only to study theoretical aspects of gerontology, but also to search for new drugs designed specifically for this category of the population. Clinical trials in older people are more in demand than ever. However, researchers must ensure that they conduct their studies ethically. Key ethical issues include prevention of discrimination and violations of the autonomy of older people, as well as special requirements for informing and obtaining voluntary informed consent. When preparing voluntary informed consent for older people, especially for those with cognitive decline, special attention should be paid not only to the information itself, but also to the form of its presentation. The documents should be concise, clear and contain all the key information. In addition, the use of modern multimedia technologies can help the subjects make an informed decision about their participation in the study. For patients with cognitive impairment, it is important to adhere to the principle that the higher the risk for the study participants, the more the patient’s cognitive functions and decision-making ability should be preserved. Excluding patients from studies with potential benefit due to age or cognitive impairment is considered unethical and discriminatory. This is taken as an unfair restriction of their access to the achievements of scientific and technological progress in the field of medicine.

Received: 2024-05-19

Published online: 2024-06-30

DOI: 10.24075/medet.2024.012

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VIEWS 291