The article analyzes the historical and medical literature devoted to the life and work of Matvey Yakovlevich Mudrov (1776–1831). The first stage in the historiography of this issue was the pre-revolutionary interpretation of Mudrov’s personality and his contribution to the development of clinical medicine. The main attention was paid to biographical facts, assessments of Mudrov’s professional activity by the medical community, and a general description of his role in Russian medicine. In the middle of the 20th century, a canon emerged that consistently described the main milestones of his biography. This narrative formed the basis of educational, reference, and popular science publications. Since the mid-1990s, the interest of practitioners in Mudrov’s legacy has come to the fore launching reassessment of his personality. In recent decades, the research has shifted to examining his impact as a reformer of medical education, organizer of clinical teaching, and creator of ethical medical standards. The implementation of research tasks contributed to the introduction of new archival data into scientific circulation, clarifying previously existing estimates and conclusions. The conducted historiographical review comprehensively covers the multifaceted activities of Mudrov MY and outlines possible prospects for further study.