2022 / 03

Next Paper
DOI: 10.24075/medet.2022.054

REVIEW

Levels of evidence and study designs

Borisova EO, Eremina OE, Gulbekova OV
About authors

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia

Correspondence should be addressed: Elena O. Borisova
ul. Ostrovityanova, 1, Moscow, 117997, Russia; ur.liam@avossiroboe

About paper

Author conclusions: Borisova EO — analysis of scientific literature, writing a text, preparation of a manuscript for publication; Eremina JuN — analysis of scientific literature, preparation of a manuscript for publication; Gulbekova OV — text editing.

Received: 2022-07-23 Accepted: 2022-08-21 Published online: 2022-11-30
|
  1. Martsevich SIu, Drozdova LIu, Voronina VP. Zdorov’e i obrazovanie vracha: dve sostavliaiushchie uspekha. Ratsional’naia Farmakoterapiia v Kardiologii. 2010; 6 (1): 73–76. Russian.
  2. Glants S. Mediko‑biologicheskaia statistika. M.: Izd‑vo «Praktika», 1999; 459 p.
  3. Begrambekova Iu L. Metodologiia analiza klinicheskikh issledovanii i opredeleniia ikh sviazei s klinicheskoi deistvitel’nost’iu. Chast’ I. Kardiologiia: Novosti. Mneniia. Obuchenie. 2016; 4 (11): 69–75. Russian.
  4. Everitt BS, Howell DC. Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2005; 1451–62.
  5. Vandenbroucke JP, Von Elm E, Altman DG, et al. Povyshenie kachestva otchetov o nabliudatel’nykh issledovaniiakh v epidemiologii (STROBE): raz”iasneniia i utochneniia. Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii. 2022; 21 (3): 173–208. DOI 10.15690/vsp. v21i3.2426. Russian.
  6. Martsevich SIu, Kutishenko NP, Lukina IuV, Lukianov MM, Drapkina OM. Klinicheskie issledovaniia po otsenke lekarstvennoi terapii. Vidy, dostovernost’ rezul’tatov, mesto v sovremennoi dokazatel’noi meditsine. Ratsional’naia Farmakoterapiia v Kardiologii. 2021; 17 (2): 249–255. Russian.
  7. Bavrina AP. Nabliudatel’nye epidemiologicheskie issledovaniia i osobennosti predstavleniia rezul’tatov v nauchnom otchete. Meditsinskii al’manakh. 2021; 2 (67): 83–89. Russian.
  8. Narkevich AN, Vinogradov KA. Dizain meditsinskogo issledovaniia. Sotsial’nye aspekty zdorov’ia naseleniia. 2019; 5 (65): 13. Available from URL: http://vestnik.mednet.ru/content/view/1108/30/lang, ru. DOI: 10.21045/2071-5021-2019-65-5-13. Russian.
  9. Simpson MR. Kohortstudier [Cohort studies]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2021 Oct 25; 141. Norwegian. DOI: 10.4045/ tidsskr.21.0511. PMID: 34726047.
  10. Grjibovski AM, Ivanov SV, Gorbatova MA. Case‑control studies in health sciences. Nauka i Zdravoohranenie [Science & Healthcare]. 2015; 4, 5–17. Russian.
  11. Pearce N. Analysis of matched case‑control studies. BMJ. 2016 Feb 25; 352: i969. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i969. PMID: 26916049; PMCID: PMC4770817.
  12. Koterov A N. Kriterii prichinnosti v medikobiologicheskikh distsiplinakh: istoriia, sushchnost’ i radiatsionnyi aspekt. Soobshchenie 1. Postanovka problemy, poniatie o prichinakh i prichinnosti, lozhnye assotsiatsii. Radiatsionnaia biologiia. Radioekologiia. 2019; 59 (1): 5–36. DOI: org/10.1134/ S0869803119010065.Russian.
  13. Mansournia MA, Jewell NP, Greenland S. Case‑control matching: effects, misconceptions, and recommendations. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018 Jan; 33 (1): 5–14. DOI: 10.1007/s10654–017–0325–0. Epub 2017 Nov 3. PMID: 29101596; PMCID: PMC9188848.
  14. Thoresen M. Konfundering — et tilbakevendende problem [Confounding — a recurring problem]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2018 Feb 5; 138 (3). Norwegian. DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0795. PMID: 29411587.
  15. Euser AM, Zoccali C, Jager KJ, Dekker FW. Cohort studies: prospective versus retrospective. Nephron Clin Pract. 2009; 113 (3): c214–7. DOI: 10.1159/000235241. Epub 2009 Aug 18. PMID: 19690438.
  16. Kholmatova KK, Khar’kova OA, Grzhibovskii AM. Osobennosti primeneniia kogortnykh issledovanii v meditsine i obshchestvennom zdravookhranenii. Ekologiia cheloveka. 2016; 4: 56–64. Russian.
  17. Cortegiani A, Absalom AR. Importance of proper conduct of clinical trials. Br J Anaesth. 2021 Feb; 126 (2): 354–356. DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.09.030. Epub 2020 Oct 26. PMID: 33121749.
  18. Nohr EA, Liew Z. How to investigate and adjust for selection bias in cohort studies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2018 Apr; 97 (4): 407–416. DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13319. Epub 2018 Mar 5. PMID: 29415329.
  19. Pripp AH. Matching i kohortstudier [Matching in cohort studies]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2020 Jan 27; 140 (2). Norwegian. DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.19.0308. PMID: 32026854.
  20. Zabor EC, Kaizer AM, Hobbs BP. Randomized Controlled Trials. Chest. 2020 Jul; 158 (1S): S79–S87. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.013. PMID: 32658656; PMCID: PMC8176647.
  21. Kennedy‑Martin T, Curtis S, Faries D, et al. A literature review on the representativeness of randomized controlled trial samples and implications for the external validity of trial results. Trials. 2015; 16: 495. DOI 10.1186/s13063–015–1023–4.
  22. Petrovskaya YuA, Ogorodova LM, Petrovskiy FI. Principles of Decision Making on the Prescription of Medicines. What else Do You Need to Know when Interpreting the Results of Clinical Trials? Pediatric pharmacology. 2018; 15 (4): 343–348. DOI: org/10.15690/pf.v15i4.1949. Russian.
  23. Dodd S, White IR, Williamson P. A framework for the design, conduct and interpretation of randomised controlled trials in the presence of treatment changes. Trials. 2017; 18 (1): 498–510. DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2240-9.
  24. Bhide A, Shah PS, Acharya G. A simplified guide to randomized controlled trials. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2018 Apr; 97 (4): 380–387. Available from URL: DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13309. Epub 2018 Feb 27. PMID: 29377058.
  25. Donato H, Donato M. Etapas na Condução de uma Revisão Sistemática [Stages for Undertaking a Systematic Review]. Acta Med Port. 2019 Mar 29; 32 (3): 227–235. Portuguese. DOI: 10.20344/amp.11923. Epub 2019 Mar 29. PMID: 30946795.
  26. Zwahlen M, Renehan A, Egger M. Meta‑analysis in medical research: potentials and limitations. Urol Oncol. 2008 May‑Jun; 26 (3): 320–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2006.12.001. Epub 2007 Nov 7. PMID: 18452828.
  27. Lin L, Chu H. Quantifying publication bias in meta‑analysis. Biometrics. 2018 Sep; 74 (3): 785–794. DOI:10.1111/biom.12817. Epub 2017 Nov 15. PMID: 29141096; PMCID: PMC5953768.
  28. Dwan K, Altman DG, Arnaiz JA, Bloom J, Chan AW, Cronin E, Decullier E, Easterbrook PJ, Von Elm E, Gamble C, Ghersi D, Ioannidis JP, Simes J, Williamson PR. Systematic review of the empirical evidence of study publication bias and outcome reporting bias. PLoS One. 2008 Aug 28; 3 (8): e3081. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003081. PMID: 18769481; PMCID: PMC2518111.
  29. Stegenga J. Down with the Hierarchies. Topoi. 2014; 33 (2): 313–322.
  30. Prikaz Ministerstva zdravookhraneniia Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot 28.02.2019 № 103n “Ob utverzhdenii poriadka i srokov razrabotki klinicheskikh rekomendatsii, ikh peresmotra, tipovoi formy klinicheskikh rekomendatsii i trebovanii k ikh strukture, sostavu i nauchnoi obosnovannosti vkliuchaemoi v klinicheskie rekomendatsii informatsii”. Available from URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_324276/.
  31. Omelianovskii VV, Avksenteva MV, Zhelezniakova IA, Sukhorukikh OA, Khachatrian GR, Galeeva ZhA, et al. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii kak instrument povysheniia kachestva meditsinskoi pomoshchi. Onkopediatriia. 2014; 4 (4): 246–259. Russian.